Situation of the local baths Essay Example for Free

Situation of the topical anesthetic baths EssayI am deeply honored to correspond with the topical anesthetic council regarding the situation of the local baths. It is also a let to interact and work hand in hand with the proper authorities concerning this matter. Through this one, I can be a good servant then. A question can be asked in any moment regarding the preventive of the local baths. Will there be a guaranty concerning its safety? Is it peg with safety precautions? Well, e really persons primary concern in going to the local baths is safety for their life and limb. Normally, it would be the responsibility of the centering of local baths to make sure as shooting that ein truth person will be guaranteed complete safety. Indeed, it is my duty to correspond with the over-all local council in dealing with this very important matter. I just wish that my recommendations will be given enough attention for appropriate review. It is a common knowledge that high tides are a hazard to the swimmers especially during Christmas and in the altogether Year season. It will prevent them from enjoying their stay in the establishment. Others are also concerned in the availability of safety precautions in whatever kind for them to be safe.Heavy tides in the sea tend to break over the cemented barrier or any barrier found in the area that will condition a back swell causing swimmers to be dragged over the blue promenade into the ocean. Is it non dangerous? That is why effective safety precautions were incorporated into the local baths to prevent any damage. I have taken so many safety precautions then. It include placing warning signs in prominent positions and installing a safety chain across the northern area. The safety chain serves to keep the people from going too far from the northern side of the pool that is known to be dangerous.Aside from that, a loud speaker system has been built in order to regularly warn any person using the pool to neutralize any damage. The loudspeaker was useful because it reaches people staying in the northern poolside. There is also an organized storage of safety and rescue equipment being placed in an accesible position. However, dangers cannot be avoided in any time. This is so because high tides in the sea cannot just be controlled by human power without exerting extraordinary efforts. The problem was not so alarming until one incident happened that made the management uneasy.In this particular year, a peculiar thing happened that causes alarm to the people. What happened was that when the north-easterly swell and winds have created very heavy glide, some people are affected by it. That happened during the last Saturday of December. At that time, I boldly announced over the loudspeaker system that waves good luck onto the poolside are very dangerous. With all diligence, I gave instructions to the people in the swimming pool area to leave the northern end of the pool. That was one counselling of do ing all my efforts together with the other employees to avoid damages due to the surf.Despite the announcement that was given to the effect that no one should stay in the northern end of the pool, three people have refused to move from the same. They ignored the instruction that was given for their benefit. That was indeed problematic and dangerous. As I walked towards the three people, a very large wave drags them back into the dangerous surf. I was shocked but tried to control myself to be able to face the situation appropriately. In accompaniment, I voluntarily tried to radio for the surf and rescue helicopter for immediate actions.As a result, two people are rescued without any slander except the third person who was seriously injured due to the large wave that struck him. With this point at hand, there is a need to evanesce the system of operating the local baths in the area of safety. There are so many factors that causes the injuries of the swimmers in the pool. These thin gs may have something to do with the negligence of the management and even on the side of the swimmers. The loudspeaker system is not so effective. While it was true that the swimmers were given announcements whenever there is danger, but that was not enough.Hence, what is really postulate was trained lifeguards that are present in the poolside area. Lifeguards are trained employees that are responsible for the safety of the people while present in a recreational water areas. Generally, lifeguards are the people who observe swimming activities, anticipate problems and identify emergencies, give immediate first aid and report incidents in the sea (Lifeguards, 2007, p. 1). Therefore, it is respectfully recommended that trained lifeguards be hired to be able to make the operation of the local baths more safe and productive.The rationale of the recommendation is to give credence to the fact that hiring additional people is more logical than allowing any serious injuries and even death to happen. The presence of the lifeguards will surely prevent any accident in the local baths whether swimmers are obedient when there are announced instructions through loudspeaker system or hardheaded for that matter. In line with these, lifeguards must be trained with respect to basic techniques, rescue, aquatic injuries first aid lessons and effective coordination during emergency situations.Aside from that, the course of their training must include contemplation and scanning ability in the swimming pool area. The local baths needs men to do surveillance to avoid the slightest hint of any dangerous surf and heavy winds. In effect, lifeguards can do uninterrupted supervision while swimmers are enjoying in the pool especially in the most dangerous area. Finally, for the local council to approve this recommendation, it is respectfully submitted that the management of the local baths under my leadership will fully execute the policies and regulation for a positive result.

Administrator Challenge Paper Essay Example for Free

Administrator Challenge Paper EssayMy experience in corrections is restrict to only 4 years. I feel that in my time there, I learned a lot about what the clutches part of corrections line of products consists of, not necessarily what the parole portion or the prison administration does. As a first line supervisor within the correctional system, the module was held to somewhat of the same standards as I did young airmen in the military. They were expected to be at work on time, read their post orders daily, and maintain halt of the dormitory or segregation unit in which they worked. They were given the opportunity to make ratiocinations on their own and only to keep me informed of what they were doing. Most of the decision making came from the Warden and his staff. We had a Correctional Major and Captains as intermediate level supervisor who took the brunt of the complaints between custody and administration. There were policies and directives being disseminated constantly within the prison. At time it felt like the saying going blind with paperwork, having to read everything being passed down. Some of the policies had justification and some seemed to be just frivolous nutrition to give administration something to do.See more Recruitment and selection process essayAnother issue which was the cause of much contention within the custody ranks was the adherence to the rules or policies. One of the main culprits of many custody staff being fired or quitting was the use of tobacco within the facilities. The facility is a tobacco free facility. That means no tobacco for any offenders or staff members. Tobacco is an addictive drug and there were many staff members who snuck cigarettes and smoke-free tobacco into the facility because of their need to have it, instead of waiting until their shift was over. This in-turn was also the cause of offenders running illegal contraband within the confines of the facility. rung members would smuggle tobacco by the po uches into the facility as staff was rarely shaken down. This made it ideal for dishonest staff to make some purposeless money bringing in contraband to offenders. Once the offender had the staff member on the hook for smuggling, it was just a matter of time to begin with the staff was caught and fired for it. Tobacco often times was more expensive than drugs like marijuana, prescription medication, or cocaine.I feel that another of the main issues, at least within the facility I worked at, was the discord between custody and non-custody staff. Custody was in charge of all the offenders within the facilities, while non-custody had interactions with offenders, their main excogitate was to teach in most cases. Many were college or high school teachers, facility supervisors over the industrial areas, and nursing staff or administration. These non-staff positions often attempt to tell custody staff how to do their jobs. This often caused contention between all parties and when broug ht to the custody supervisor, was corrected after having spoken with the non-custody supervisor. This course of instruction has opened my eyeball to the administration side of Criminal umpire. Prior to this course, I had no idea about how budgeting or the financial aspect of Criminal Justice actually worked.This depicted object is one which I am glad to have studied. I may not get to the administrative level of whatever Criminal Justice business I choose, but having some knowledge of how it works will definitely benefit me in the long run. I would encourage anyone taking Criminal Justice or pursuing a career in Criminal Justice to take this course as the material if very relevant to the job, especially those pursuit positions as administration. Also, mid-level supervisors should take it as it gives them insight into what is expected of the administration when it comes to policy, budgets and financial planning for the Criminal Justice System. I wish I had taken this course just a bit later in my college studies as I had quite a few irons in the fire during this courses duration. Trying to pull the wool over someones eyes college, a fulltime job, family life, and other outside entities were definitely distractors during this course. I did not get to dedicate the time fully to the course that if deserved and my grade reflects that.

Prostitution A Psychological Perspective Sociology Essay

prostitution A Psychological Perspective Sociology EssayAs psychologists, we hope to see a change in the health professions relative allay regarding prostitutions harm to women, as well as a change in the perspective on prostitution held by the criminal justice system.-Melissa Farley Avnessa KellyThere is a lot of debate about whether prostitution should be legalized and regulated or whether the continuing laws(in India and elsewhere) which criminalize the ferment of brothel keeping, living off the earnings of a prostitute, asking or seducing for the purposes of prostitution should remain a punishable offence. The instructions for either side ultimately boil down to the question of why single stance over the other? The decision is largely influenced by a persons perception of what benefits society as well as the exploitative nature of this profession .If prostitution were to be legalized these individuals would become part of a system that sanctions their pretend and ove rly condones the enactment of selling ones consistency as well as paying for charge upual services. much(prenominal) a system would be accountable for the repercussions this occupation has upon its members. For all occupation that is sanctioned by law and society there exists a representative in the rebound of an organization or a union that supports the best interest of its employees and ensures their well world. However the question that arises in the case of prostitution is whether the occupation is such(prenominal) that it poses a serious immediate threat to a womans psychological and physical health on a regular continuous basis? if so, then the act of sanctioning such an occupation and creating a system that supports it leads to a paradox not only in a moral maven alone also in keeping with the actual ostracise effects of the occupation versus the benefits of legalizing prostitution.The present paper is an attempt to gain considerableer clarity about the potential r isks of this occupation. To esteem whether commercial energize workers leave behind ultimately suffer damagetic features to such an extent that their psychological and wound up health will prevent them from leading utilitarian productive genial and healthy lives.Some might argue that traumatic experiences or harmful effects are faced by individuals in non-homogeneous other professions such as the military, war journalism, psychiatry, medical science or people working in factories where they are exposed to harmful substances on a daily basis. Thus these occupations are also a great ca drop for concern. However prostitution has been described as an act which is intrinsically traumatizing to the person being prostituted.(Farley et al, 1988)Researchers suck up found that 92% of people interviewd stated that they wanted to leave prostitution .Also it has been field of studyed that sexual and other physical violence is the normative experience for women in prostitution (Baldwi n, 1992 Farley and Barkan, 1998 Hunter, 1994 Silbert and Pines, 1982)In light of such evidence one can hardly suggest that prostitution is an occupation that an individual would willingly enrol in if she truly had another option or was entirely aware of the health risk involved.Infact Silbert and her colleagues(1982) have described a psychological paralysis of prostituted women, characterized by immobility, acceptance of victimization, hopelessness, and an inability to take the opportunity to change, which leaves from the inescapable violence they encountered throughout their lives (Silbert Pines, 1982).According to Farley (2006) Prostitution is sexual violence that results in massive economic earnings for well-nigh of its perpetrators. The sex industry, like other global cypherprises, has domestic and international sectors, marketing sectors, a range of physical locations out of which it operates in each community, is run intoled by many different owners and man eonrs, and is constantlyexpanding as technology, law, and public opinion permit. She further stresses that prostitution as a profession is rife with every imaginable casing of physical and sexual violence.If prostitution is to be legalized, would it then become a recognized profession such as teaching, management, law etc? Would it be part of a career guidance course, would the individuals industrious in this occupation be treated with the same respect, high-handedness and rights that are allotted to others? Although it remains a personal extract to judge another human being, incorporated morality exists in every society and forms the basis for norms and beliefs in that society. Legalization of prostitution would condone an act that is considered roughshod by many yet legalization might afford better right to prostitutes and improve their standard of living. This debate eventually turns into a circular argument that requires a subjective approach quite a than an objective methodology a pplied to all other aspects of human science. It becomes a matter of safety and humanity rather than a debate of legality and morality. Hence from the authors perspective a Psychological study aimed at evaluating the mental health of prostitutes and determining to what extent this correlates to their occupation will indeed contribute to the argument and peradventure indicate how one can decide the matter of whether prostitution should be legalized and thus condoned by government and afterwards (but un plausibly) be accepted morally or whether we must at several(prenominal) point accept that the oldest profession in the world has seriously contributed to the psychopathology of women engaged in this profession.There are several different perspectives on prostitution that have been discussed and documented. The perspective that prostitution is violence against women has been described and critiqued by Jeffreys (2000).She argues that that child and pornographic prostitution are inex tricably interlinked, both in personnel (the women and children work together), in terms of the abusers (who make no distinctions), in the harm they cause and in that both constitute harmful traditional practices which must be ended.Another perspective suggests that in recent decades prostitution has been industrialized and globalized. Industrialization means the slip stylus in which traditional forms of organization of prostitution are being changed by economic and social forces to become large scale and concentrated, normalized and part of the mainstream corporate sphere. Prostitution has been transformed from an illegal, small scale, largely local anaesthetic and socially despised form of abuse of women into a hugely profitable and either legal or tolerated international industry. In states that have legalized their prostitution industries large-scale, industrialized brothels employ hundreds of women overseen and regulated by government agencies (M. Sullivan, 2007).In some part s of Asia the industrialization of prostitution has taken rear end in the form of the creation of massive prostitution areas within cities. In Daulatdia, formed 20 years ago, in a portcity in Bangladesh, 1,600 women are sexually used by 3,000 men daily (Hammond, 2008).This paper is presented in three parts. The first part highlights the Framework that governs the sex trade industry in India, the second part focuses on the Psychological implications of prostitution and the third part discusses the implications of legalizing and regulating sex trade.Prostitution in IndiaIndia is a country that prides itself for upholding age old traditions and cultural practices rooted in religious beliefs which encourage a way of life that is morally correct and ethically sound. It is a country which has great respect for the elderly, believes in the integrity of honesty and fidelity and places much emphasis on purity. Right from the religious scriptures to the common mans notion about what is the i deal way of living one can witness a belief in simplicity, generosity and secularity. This comes from the fact that India is a country of a hundred cultures all inter-mingling to have a nation that is unified in language, sport and entertainment and oftentimes diversified in religion, custom and caste.However one thing that remains collective and common to all the culturally opposed regions is the practice of sex trade. Prostitution in India has a long history.Devadasi SystemIn ancient India prostitutes have been referred to as Devadasis. Originally, Devadasis were celibate dancing girls used in temple ceremonies and they entertained members of the ruling class. But sometime around the 6th Century, the practice of dedicating girls to Hindu gods became prevalent in a practice that developed into ritualized prostitution. Devadasi literally means Gods (Dev) female servant (Dasi), where according to the ancient Indian practice, young pre-pubertal girls are unify off, given away in m atrimony to God or Local religious deity of the temple. The marriage usually occurs before the girl reaches puberty and requires the girl to become a prostitute for upper-caste community members. Such girls are known as jogini. They are forbidden to enter into a real marriage.In Karnataka, the most common form of traditional sex work is associated with the Devadasi system.Today, the districts bordering Maharashtra and Karnataka, known as the Devadasi belt, have trafficking structures operating at various levels. The women here are in prostitution either because their husbands run-down them, or they are trafficked through coercion and deception Many are devadasi dedicated into prostitution for the goddess Yellamma. In one Karnataka brothel, all 15 girls are devadasi. (Meena Menon, The inexplicable Faces).Researchers have found that differences between Devadasi and non-Devadasi Female sex workers (FSWs) with regard to the pattern and environment of sex work were substantial. Devadas i FSWs were much more than seeming to entertain clients at home, describe a higher average number of sex partners in the past week, and charged less on average to each client. Devadasi FSWs were less likely to emigrate to work at another location within the state of Karnataka but were somewhat more likely to have migrated to another state for work. Devadasi FSWs were more likely to accept every client and reported client initiated violence much less often than did non-Devadasi FSWs. Devadasi FSWs also were significantly less likely to report having ever been harassed by the police (Laanchard, F, J et al 2005).Sex trade Industry in IndiaThere are approximately 10 billion prostitutes in India. (Human Rights Watch, Robert I. Freidman, Indias Shame Sexual Slavery and Political Corruption Are Leading to An AIDS Catastrophe,The Nation, 8 April 1996).The largest red light district in India, perhaps in the world, is the Falkland Road Kamatipura area of Bombay. There are more than 100,0 00 women in prostitution in Bombay, Asias largest sex industry center (Freidman, R.I 1996).At least 2,000 women were in prostitution along the Baina beachfront in Goa. (Moronh,F 1997).There are 300,000-500,000 children in prostitution in India. ( Bedi,R 1997)India, along with Thailand and the Philippines, has 1.3 million children in its sex-trade centers. (Soma Wadhwa, For sale childhood, Outlook, 1998)India and Paksitan are the main destinations for children under 16 who are trafficked in south Asia. (Masako Iijima, S. Asia urged to unite against child prostitution,Reuters, 19 June 1998)In India, Karnataka, Andha Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu are considered high supply zones for women in prostitution. Bijapur, Belgaum and Kolhapur are common districts from which women migrate to the big cities, as part of an organised trafficking network. (Central Welfare Board, Meena Menon, The Unknown Faces)A few hundred thousand men have sexual relations with prostitutes every day in Indi a.Insights derived by health practitioners and social workers from the experience of working in red-light areas suggest that the following categories of men are frequent visitors to prostitutes low-level workers in the manufacturing and transport industries other workers living away from their families for a length of time traders and customers in transitory markets visitors to fairs, festivals and pilgrim centres defence personnel living away from families students pimps and others who have some control over prostitutes traders and service providers in red-light areas.According to one author of The Unkown Faces There are three routes into prostitution for most women in India. 1) Deception 2) Devadasi commitment and 3) Bad marriages or families.A study conducted by researcher s in Karnataka, a southeasternern state of India found that Participants gave diverse reasons for entering sex work . Overall 26% stated that induction into the Devadasi tradition was at least 1 reason that th ey entered sex work, and 66% of these Female sex workers (FSWs) listed it as the only reason that they entered sex work. Other stated reasons for entering sex work included financial need- 36%, marital or family discord or dissolution -30%, and being coerced or lured- 20%.Chattopadhyay M, Bandyopadhyay S, Duttagupta C, (1994) conducted interviews with 33 female prostitutes in Domjur, Howrah District, West Bengal, to understand the processes by which women become prostitutes. Twenty-one of them were married. More than 50%, who had been married before the age of 18, became prostitutes before 25 and were older than 30. 66% did not engage in illicit sex before becoming prostitutes. About 20% had been prostitutes for more than 15 years. Most prostitutes earned about Rs. 1000 per month. 66% had a maximum number of five clients/day. Three prostitutes had as many as seven to eight clients/day. Life events and their reactions that led them to become prostitutes belonged to two categories (1) women who were either widowed (17 women) or abused by husband and in-laws (4 women), leaving them with no social or economic support and (2) women who chose prostitution as an easy means to support themselves (9 women) or because they had sexual urges or were curious (3 women).Empirical studies along in red-light areas of a few large cities corroborate the common knowledge that prostitutes, in general, lead a poor standard of life in dilapidated and insanitary environments (Gilada n.d. Ghosh and Das 1994). A major portion of what their clients pay is shared by pimps, landlords, madams, financiers and policemen. They do not get nutritionally adequate food and they are victimized by local traders who sell them essential goods. Because of strong prejudice against them they cannot take advantage of the government health facilities and have to depend mostly on local quacks who charge them exorbitantly for treatment and medicines. A large proportion of them suffer intermittently from v arious kinds of STDs. Most of them are forced to enter this occupation because of unbecoming circumstances.In a country that has strict values and restrictions towards marriage,dating and pre-marital sex there seems to be a rampant disregard for the value of a womans right to dignity and integrity.In India, It is generally considered unacceptable for a woman or man to engage in sex before marriage or with more than one partner. speechmaking about sex related issues is taboo in most households and sex education in schools is strongly opposed and rendered inappropriate. It is believed that one should respect traditions and avoid places,people,movies,books or music that are provocative or in any way of a sexual nature. Conservatism and orthodox customs are welcomed and whole heardtedly preached and in some cases practiced in India. Thus, it comes as a shock to realize that the hub of the Sex trade throughout Asia and possibly the world is housed in the biggest city in India-Mumbai. I t is a sad and cruel paradox that a country that preaches about purity and chastity has the largest brothels in the world and is a central point in the human trafficking system.Legal position in IndiaLaws related to prostitution in IndiaSuppression of lowly work in Women and Girl Act -1956Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act-1956Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act-1956In legal terms, the Indian Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, criminalized the volitional act of a female offering her body for promiscuous sexual intercourse for hire whether in money or in kind. But, under the revised 1986 Act, prostitution means the sexual exploitation or abuse of persons for commercial purpose, and the expression prostitute shall be constructed accordingly so there is not only no criminality if there is offering by way of free contract, there is not even prostitution.In India the primary law dealing with the status of sex workers is the 1956 law referred to as theTheImmoral Traffic (Suppression) Act (SITA). According to this law, sex work inIndiais neither legal nor illegal it is tolerated since prostitutes can practice their trade privately but cannot legally solicit customers in public. Unlike as is the case with other professions, however, sex workers are not protected under normal workers laws, and are not entitled to stripped-down wage benefits, compensation for injury or other benefits that are common in other types of work.Although prostitution (the act of selling ones body in a non public setting) is legal in India, brothel keeping, living off the earnings of a prostitute, soliciting or seducing for the purposes of prostitution are all punishable offenses. (Robert I. Freidman, Indias Shame Sexual Slavery and Political Corruption Are Leading to An AIDS Catastrophe,The Nation, 8 April 1996)Psychological distress among sex workersConsiderable research has been conducted in the area of sex trade and prostitution. Most of this research in the social sciences focuses on the health risks involved, particularly HIV, AIDS.There is a large-scale ignorance of the psychological harm that is faced by women who are prostituted. Prostitution has been delimitate in many ways either by political or legal organizations.The World health Organization (WHO) defined prostitution as a dynamic andadaptive process that involves a transaction between seller and buyer of a sexual service (World Health Organization, 1988). WHO has since recommended decriminalization of prostitution (Ahmad, 2001). Much of the health sciences books has viewed prostitution as a melodic phrase choice (Deren et al., 1996 Farr, Castro, DiSantostefano, Claassen, Olguin, 1996 Green et al., 1993 Romans, Potter,Martin,Herbison, 2001 UN/AIDS, 2002). However the notion that prostitution is work tends to make its harm invisible.Important questions remain unanswered regarding the epidemiology and etiology of psychological distress among sex traders. Many sex traders and drug users from poor neig hborhoods have go through homelessness, rape, and other violent events associated with psychological distress.High proportions of prostitutes are drug-dependent and have experienced physical and sexual abuse in childhood and adulthood (Church, Henderson, Barnard, Hart, 2001 El-Bassel, Schilling, Irwin, Faruque, Gilbert, Von Bargen, Serrano, Edlin, 1997 El- Bassel, Simoni, Cooper, Gilbert, Schilling, 2001).The Psychological literary works on Prostitution has focused on different theories to explain the role of a prostitute either as a victim or a risk-taker. There has been tremendous debate over the underlying factors that lead a woman into this profession. It is assumed that prostituted women have personality characteristics which lead to their victimization. Rosiello (1993) described the inherent masochism of prostituted women as a necessary ingredient of their self-concept. MacVicar and Dillon (1980) suggested that masochism plays a central role in the acceptance of abuse by pimps. Psychoanalytic theories that prostituting originates in maternal deprivation or from the anal commits of the child -have been described by Weisberg (1985) and Bullough Bullough (1996).Vanwesenbeeck, et al (1993) identified three groups of prostituted women as 1) those who had a positive, businesslike place and consistent condom use, 2) those who had a damaging attitude and occasional failure to use condoms),and 3) risk takers who did not use condoms and who reported feeling powerless. The risk takers reported fears of violence and despair in situations where they were powerless. angiotensin converting enzyme woman stated that health planning was not a priority when your whole lifes a misery and pain (Vanwesenbeeck et al., 1993).Women in prostitution are often assumed to have an underlying personality disorder. De Schampheleire (1990) concluded that 61 prostituted women had emotional difficulties that resulted first in addictions, and later in prostitution, which was itse lf described as a diversion from other psychological problems.This is clearly indicative that there is a belief that emotionally disturbed or vulnerable women are more likely to enter into prostitution, further become victimized and continue in this profession as a means of coping with their initial sense of turmoil or unworthiness. This literature fails to recognize the various other reasons that women enter into prostitution (such as financial need or coercion), and ultimately suffer psychological difficulties as a result of this profession. It is assumed with a stance of such stoicism that women willingly enter into a profession in which they become victims of battering, rape, fatal physiological conditions, constant trauma and degradation.However there is literature that supports the idea that prostitution does indeed inflict psychological distress on the individual. Graaf et al. (1995) and Plant et al (1989) found that womens alcohol use in prostitution was related to the psyc hological trauma of prostitution. It permitted a chemical dissociation, as well as a means of anesthetizing their physical plague for the act of sex for payment. Green et al (1993) noted that some Glasgow women were only able to prostitute under the influence of drugs or alcohol.Alegria et al (1994) found that 70% of 127 Puerto Rican women in prostitution had symptoms of depression which were associated with increased risk behaviors for HIV.Violence against women in ProstitutionIn the past decade, a number of authors have documented or canvass the sexual and physical violence that is the normative experience for women in prostitution, including Baldwin (1993,1999) Barry (1979, 1995) Boyer, Dworkin (1981, 1997, 2000) Farley, Baral, Kiremire, and Sezgin (1998) Giobbe (1991, 1993) .Sexual violence and physical assault are the norm for women in all types of prostitution. Nemoto, Operario, Takenaka, Iwamoto, and Le (2003) reported that 62% of Asian women in San Francisco massage parlor s had been physically assaulted by customers. Raymond, DCunha, et al. (2002) found that 80% of women who had been trafficked or prostituted suffered violence-related injuries in prostitution.Among the women interviewed by Parriott (1994), 85% had been raped in prostitution. In another study, 94% of those in street prostitution had experienced sexual assault and 75% had been raped by one or more customers ( miller, 1995). In the Netherlands, where prostitution is legal, 60% of prostituted women suffered physical assaults 70% experienced verbal threats of physical assault 40% experienced sexual violence and 40% had been forced into prostitution or sexual abuse by acquaintances (Vanwesenbeeck, 1994). Most young women in prostitution were abused or beaten by customers as well as pimps. Silbert and Pines (1981, 1982) reported that 70% of women suffered rape in prostitution, with 65% having been physically assaulted by customers and 66% assaulted by pimps.Of 854 people in prostitution in nine countries (Canada, Colombia, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United States, and Zambia), 71% experienced physical assaults in prostitution, and 62% reported rapes in prostitution (Farley, Cotton, et al., 2003). Eighty-nine percent told the researchers that they wanted to leave prostitution but did not have other options for economic survival.To normalize prostitution as a reasonable job choice for poor women makes invisible their strong desire to escape prostitution. Vanwesenbeeck (1994) found that two factors were associated with greater violence in prostitution. The greater the poverty, the greater the violence and the longer one is in prostitution, the more likely one is to experience violence.Research and clinical reports have documented the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and chronic traumatization among prostituted women (Belton, 1992 Burgess,et al., 1987 Giobbe et al., 1990 James Meyerding, 1977 Paperny Deisher, 1983 Silbert Pines, 1981, Simons Whitbeck, 1991 Widom Kuhns, 1996).Weisberg (1985) reported that 70% of women suffered rape in prostitution, with 65% of prostitutes having been physically assaulted by customers and 66% assaulted by pimps.The Council for Prostitution Alternatives in Portland, Oregon, reported that prostituted women were raped an average of once a week (Hunter, 1994).Women in prostitution are battered women. Prostitution, like battering, is a form of domestic violence. Giobbe (1993) compared pimps and batterers and found similarities in their use of enforced social isolation, minimization and denial, threats, intimidation, verbal and sexual abuse,attitude of ownership, and organic physical violence to control women. The techniques of physical violence used by pimps are often the same as those used by torturers. greyish (1973, cited in Weisberg, 1985) reported that one teenager was beaten with a 6-foot bullwhip and another was tied to a car and forced to run behind it. It has been reasonably estima ted that prostitutionis 80% to 90% pimp-controlled (Giobbe Gamache, 1990 Hunter, 1994).The primary concern of prostituted women in Glasgow was violence from customers (Green et al., 1993). Rape was common. The women in Glasgow were physically abused as part of the job of prostitution. They were whipped and 1 7 beaten up, with payment at times received per individual blow (Green et al., 1993, page 328). Prostituted women described a minority of customers as extremely dangerous. These men were likely to assault or murder women in prostitution for pleasure. They used fists, feet, baseball bats, knives, or guns in their assaults on the women. One man inserted a shotgun into at least one womans vagina and mouth.87% of prostituted women interviewed by Miller (1995) were physically assaulted in prostitution, with 31% having been stabbed, and 25% being hit with an object. 37% of her sample had been held captive. Prostituted women were often assaulted and robbed (Green et al, 1993 Hardesty Greif, 1994 Miller, 1995).Miller Schwartz (1995) found that 94% of those in street prostitution had experienced some form of sexual assault 75% had been raped by one or more customers. In spite of this, there was a widespread belief that the concept of rape did not apply to prostitutes. If rape of a prostitutingwoman occurs, some have considered the rape to be theft or breach of contract rather than rape. Many people assumed that when a prostituted woman was raped, it was part of her job and that she deserved or even asked for the rape. In an example of this bias, a California judge overturned a jurys decision to charge a customer with rape, utter that a woman who goes out on the street and makes a whore out of herself opens herself up to anybody.One juror interpreted the judges decision as a refusal to give rights to prostitutes (Arax, 1986).Psychological Trauma as a result of prostitutionDissociation is the psychological process of banishing traumatic events from consciousness (Herman, 1992). It is an emotional shutting-down which occurs during extreme stress among prisoners of war who are being tortured, among children who are being sexually assaulted, and among women being battered or raped or prostituted. Vanwesenbeeck (1994) considered dissociation in those prostituted to be a consequence of both childhood violence and adult violence in prostitution. She noted that a proficiency in dissociation, perhaps learned in order tosurvive sexual abuse as a child, was required in prostitution.Ross et al (1990) noted dissociative symptoms in women in strip beau monde prostitution. Belton (1998) reported that depression as well as dissociative disorders were common among prostituted women.It is clear that women in prostitution suffer from psychological trauma which affects their functioning.Other than dissociation,drug use an emotional vulnerability women in prostitution suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Symptoms are anxiety, depression, insomnia , irritability, flashbacks, emotional numbing, and hyperalertness. Farley et al., (1998) interviewed 475 prostituted people in 5 countries (South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, USA, and Zambia) and found that 67% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, suggesting that the traumatic sequelae of prostitution were similar across different cultures.The violence of prostitution, the constant humiliation, the social indignity and misogyny result in personality changes which have been described by Herman (1992) as complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). Symptoms of CPTSD include changes in consciousness and self-concept, changes in the ability to regulate emotions, changes in systems of meaning, such asloss of faith, and an unremitting sense of despair. Once out of prostitution, 76% of a group of women interviewed by Parriott (1994) reported that they had great difficulty with intimate relationships. Not only were sexual feelings destroyed in prostitution, but the emotional part of the self wa s eroded. (Hoigard Finstad,1986 Giobbe, 1991, 1992) One of the longer-lasting effects of CPTSD involves changes in relations with other people, including changes in perception of the perpetrator of abuse.Previous research on women who engaged in prostitution has found a high rate of drug abuse among this population (Kuhns, Heide, Silverman, 1992 El-Bassel et al., 1997 Nadon, Koverola, Schludermann, 1998 Potterat,)The need for drugs, both physical and emotional, often overpowers prostitutes aversion toward the degrading aspects of their occupation (Weeks et al., 1998).In another study, El-Bassel and colleagues (1997) found that drug-using prostitutes scored higher than drug-using non-prostitutes from the same community on several measures of psychological distress, such as depression, anxiety, and paranoid ideation, and suggested that psychological distress among prostitutes was brought about by the dangerous and degrading circumstances surrounding their work.Researchers found tha t the women who were prostituting were more likely to report using drugs to increase their feelings of confidence, sense of control, and feelings of affair to others and to decrease their feelings of guilt and sexual distress. (Young,A,M et al 2000). Furthermore the researchers found that the subservient, humiliating nature of prostitution suggests that these women would tend to feel less confident and in control while working, and would wish to regain these feelings, and the ability to feel close to others, after being sexually involved with a stranger or strangers. Other studies have found that women engaged in prostitution use drugs and alcohol to feel more confident on the job, more calm and able to suppress negative feelings, and more relaxed and sociable (Gossop et al., 1994 Silbert et al 1982 Feucht, 1993).The evidence is clear and alarming, Psychological distress is an inevitable result of prostitution and is more than likely to inte

Indoor Flower Arrangements Tips

In admission Flower Arrangements TipsArranging tops drop give peace of mind and tush in summing up lead to the attainment of patience and strength in adversity. If only the first of these claims is correct how worthwhile it is to spend precious time in selecting flowers and putting them into a vase for the pleasure and delight of those who will enjoy them. The pleasure and satisfaction that elicit be obtained from arranging a bowl of flowers would be difficult to express. Here be a few room-by-room ideas for everyday decorating.Step insideThe atmosphere of a house is not only determined by its active quarters the answer area at the front door can in like manner play a role. Vestibule, hall and stairway are the introducer of every home. Here, visitors receive their first model of you. So make these areas more welcoming and engaging. An arrangement of vibrant blooms, such as Sada Bahar or Bougainvillea a floral swag at the front door makes a memorable first impression.Flowe rs for the kitchenThe kitchen is, of course, also an ideal dictate for flowers. Wild flowers (Gull Benaphsha) and Sunflower in a jug on the counter top can make a great impact. Moreover an arrangement of colo ruddy flowers, such as Zinnia presents an ideal environment to a kitchen.Dining among flowersNumerous families also enjoy the presence of flowers at mealtimes, even if this consists of nothing more than a simple flower on the table. An elegant centerpiece of Daisy and Lily creates an intimate dining environment. You can use fresh flowers for creating centerpiece flowers arrangements in which you can place different fresh flowers around two candles in a beautiful manner. The windowsills and cupboard pass are usually festooned with Cactus flowers in small bowls in dining room with less space.Bedroomflower arrangementBedrooms are now often graced with a lavishness of vigorous flowering that really enjoy the somewhat cooler environment. A small arrangement of Roses promotes an a tmosphere of rest and romance. A much more attractive arrangement in a long, fairly narrow room is to display flowers like Cosmos in two or three groups. Two or three good places are far more effective than small spots of flowers dotted all over the room.Living room dcor every(prenominal) interior can be enhanced with flowers. Try floating three or four flowers such as Motia, or brightly colored Tulip petals in a crystal bowl on central table in your living room. Group arrangement is also true for living room dcor Tube Rose and Canna is a best selection for this. Brightly colored flowers such as Pansy or Daffodil flowers are the perfect addition to a windowsill.Bathroom flowersAdd a touch of class with an arrangement of miniature Carnations-long-lasting blooms that act as natural air fresheners.Wall flowersWhen home is small, anything which can be hung on a border is an advantage. It is possible to create something pleasing to suit the room exactly. The flowers used can be sweet an d traditional with tidy sum of character in a different kind of room can seem strong, up-to-date and vital. Certainly the size can be made to harmonize exactly the space available and containers to hang on a wall, both modern and antique, are a pleasure to seek disclose. Particularly in a small room it is good to be able to have a selection of containers which can be changed now and then. A number of a wall vase and containers can be used singly or in a group to show off a single full petalled rose, a gathering of mixed garden flowers, or a few attractive woodland leaf rosettes.Selection of vases and other containersWhen you make your collection of vases and other flower containers for arrangements, there are some essential points to take into account.Choose a vase that complements your desired arrangements. You dont want to arrange white and pink flowers in a red vase. When you choose your vase, try to imagine what your flower arrangements will look like in it when its completed. You can use different types of vessels for this purpose like soup bowls, cocoa cups or sherbet glasses. Short steamed flowers look beautiful in these containers.The most popular shape of vases is Urn, generally all sorts of flowers set best in these vases. But Lilies and other flowers with large and showy heads look excellent.For many arrangements using only a few flowers, it as very useful to have in store a collection of two kinds of vase glass bottles with narrow necks and steamed cups or goblets. The narrow bottles can take tall-stemmed specimens, whereas the goblets and so on can be used for extremely variegated displays, by embedding short steamed flowers and other plants in a bed of suitably pliable material.Color of flowersChoose color in which complement the decorating scheme of the room. However, dont be locked into the idea that the colors of flowers must match those of the upholstery or draperies, especially if they are colors which do not normally authorize in nature . Permanent flowers will always be more pleasing, and they will never go out of style. Better to use a flower in a peach or coral hue, which is the direct chromatic complement to turquoise and a naturally occurring color of roses. Choosing the complementary hue allows the flowers to stand out as a lovely accent to highlight the room.Points to rememberChoose flowers that are almost open fully, cut at a slant and place in water.Remove bruised petals and leaves that do not look very good.Change the water in the vase when it becomes cloudy.Use at least three different kinds of flowers in an arrangement. They can be the same color, but different shades or they can be different colors that complement each other.SourceDecorating with plants, living color in the home by A.C. Muller-Idzerda Elisabeth de LestrieuxIndoor flowers-A popular guide by Brain Valerie Proudleyhttp//www.chennaionline.com/homedecor/flowerdecoration.aspByAmber Saleem12- Gosha Angoori Park Link Road Baghbanpura Lahore.

Integration of WLANS, PAN, LAN and GSM in Hmanets

Integration of WLANS, PAN, LAN and GSM in HmanetsINTERWORKING ISSUES IN INTEGRATION OF WLANS, PAN, LAN AND GSM IN HMANETSKEY TO SYMBOLS OR ABBREVIATIONSAP Access PointsAMASS Architecture for unstable Ad-hoc Systems and serve upsAODV Ad Hoc on Demand remoteness Vector RoutingBS Base StationBNEP Bluetooth earnings Encapsulation ProtocolCDMA Code-Division Multiple AccessCGSR Cluster-head Gateway sell RoutingCSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision evasionCTS Clear to SendDBTMA Dual T maven Multiple AccessDSDV Destination Sequenced Distance Vector RoutingDSR Dynamic Source RoutingGEO-TORA Geographical tempor whollyy Ordered Routing AlgorithmGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS Global Positioning SystemGRDL power grid Resource comment LanguageGSM Global System for meandering(a) conferenceHF High frequencyHMANET Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkHOLSR stratified Optimized Link State RoutingIP Internet ProtocolLBR Location Based RoutingLLC Logical Link Control mack m iddling Access ControlMACA Multi decamp Collision AvoidanceMACAW Medium Access Protocol for radio LANMAN Metropolitan Area NetworkMANET Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkMPR Multipoint RelaysNAT Network Address TranslationNFS Network File SystemOLSR Optimized Link State RoutingOSI Open Systems InterconnectionPDA Personal Digital AssistantQoS Quality of ServiceRREP Route ReplyRREQ Route RequestRERR Route ErrorSCTP Stream Control Transmission ProtocolSDR Softwargon-Defined RadioTBRPF Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse Path ForwardingTC Topology ControlTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessTORA Tempor each(prenominal)y Ordered Routing AlgorithmVHF Very High FrequencyWAN all-inclusive Area NetworkWLAN Wireless Local Area NetworksWPAN Wireless Personal Area NetworkWSDL Web Services Description LanguageWSN Wireless Sensor NetworkZRP Zone Routing ProtocolChapter 1 1 gateRecent developments in wireless confabulations have taken possible applications from simple voice s ervices in early cellular profitss to younger integrated information applications. IEEE 802.11 family i.e. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) have become popular for allowing low cost data transmissions 1. The most(prenominal) common and set aboutable places, such as airports, hotels, shop places, university camp subprograms and homes have been provided with WLAN Access Points (AP) which provide hotspot connectivity . The future advances in modern radios standardised Softw atomic number 18-Defined Radio (SDR) and cognitive radio technologies will surely speed the need of multi-mode, multi- user embrasure and multi-band confabulation devices. This multiform interneting paradigm will really enable a user to enjoy better service quality, ease of use and mobility, date keeping in view the application inevitably and types of available access networks e.g. cellular network, WLAN, wireless ain area network (WPAN) etc.1.1 Mobile Ad hoc NetworksThe Mobile Ad hoc Network (MA NET) is a network formed by alert wireless hosts without (necessarily) using a pre-existing infrastructure and the avenues between these hosts may potentially contain ninefold communication hops 2. The autonomous nature of participating ready invitees enables MANETs to have driving and frequently changing network topology. The nodes are self-organizing and behave as routers. The ease and speed of deployment and decreased dependence on infrastructure have made ad hoc networks popular within very concisely span of time. MANET variations involve Personal area networking (e.g. cell phone, laptop, ear phone), Military environments (e.g. soldiers, tanks, aircraft), Civilian environments (e.g. cab network, meeting rooms, sports stadiums), and foremost Emergency operations (e.g. search-and-rescue, policing and fire fighting). MANETs fast deployment, ease of use and subsequent properties make them a hot choice for m any important applications.1.1.1 Resource SharingOne of the inten ded aspects of MANETs is that it will serve the sacramental manduction of resources. These include both technical and information resources. Technical resources like bandwidth, Quality of Service (QoS), computational power, storage competency and information resources include any kind of data from databases. Resource sharing among planetary devices hire the devices to agree on communication protocols without the existence of any dedicated servers.1.1.2 Coordination SystemMechanisms that enable the sharing of resources between disparate unstable devices, i.e. assorted coordination system is necessary for sharing dissimilar resources. Examples of such weapons are Samba, Network File System (NFS) for sharing track record space and the distributed dot net client for sharing processor cycles.1.1.3 Trust EstablishmentBefore nodes start sharing any resource, they demand a certain amount of trust between them or systems with which they share resources. The level of trust depends on the kind of information or resources that is to be shared. For instance, sharing processor cycles require less trust than the sharing of personal information. Similarly, sharing of profit-making or highly sensitive information foot require a nonher level of trust establishment. at that place are systems presently in operation that can provide a certain amount of trust like the public let out infrastructure that makes use of certificates.1.1.4 Node DiscoveryBefore any node starts communicating with other node, that node must(prenominal) be discovered. When a node enters the network, it has to be capable of communicating to the other nodes roughly its capabilities e.g. it is a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and it has a camera, Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) capabilities etc. When a node is detected, other users can send a query to the new device to find out what it has to plead. Commercial service providers can denote the resources they have to offer through and through Internet Protocol (IP) multicasts. There is a myriad of standards that include resource description protocols like Standards Grid Resource Description Language (GRDL), the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) for telling all offer devices a way to describe and publish their specific resources and needs. There are also various different systems currently available that can gather these resource descriptions and structure them for other devices to use.1.1.5 Resource descriptionFor any device to be able to use any resource, a way to identify and describe the resource has to be agreed upon by all available devices. If, for instance, storage capacity is to be shared, it first has to be clear what the capacity of each device is, and, what the storage need is. Although there are techniques to describe certain resources but not one technique that is able to provide this service for all resources. The available techniques combined, however, cover most of what is needed.1.2 MANET ClassificationsMobile Ad hoc Networks are usually categorized as Homogeneous MANETs and Heterogeneous MANETs.1.2.1 Homogeneous MANETsWhen MANETs operate in fully Symmetric Environment whereby all nodes posses identical capabilities in terms of battery, processing powers, responsibilities and hardware and bundle capabilities, thus having no diversity, the network is Homogenous MANET.1.2.2 Heterogeneous MANETsIn certain environments, mobile nodes may have asymmetric capabilities in terms of transmission ranges, Medium Access Control (MAC), battery life, processing powers, speed of movement and software variations etc. Mobility rate may also differ in ad hoc networks collect to varying traffic characteristics, transmission ranges, reliability requirements and communication needs. Similarly, wrap uping and traffic flows like host-based addressing, satisfy-based addressing or capability-based addressing patterns may be be in certain scenarios for example, people seated at an airport lounge, metro taxi cabs, sportsmen playing and military movements etcHomogenous MANETs do not allow for the heterogeneity in the network, which is seriously ask in many scenarios, for instance, in a military battlefield network, where soldiers usually carry light portable wireless devices and more powerful equipment like High Frequency (HF) or Very High Frequency (VHF) is installed on vehicles. So, heterogeneous mobile nodes may co-exist in a single ad hoc network making it a Heterogeneous MANET.1.3 Criterion for Heterogeneous MANETsThe integration of different communication networks like cellular networks, WLANs, and MANETs is not straightforward due to various communication scenarios, different interface capabilities and high-power mobility patterns of mobile nodes. This exhibits many possible application scenarios where devices may unexpectedly interact, create and receive random data streams (video and music etc), or request different network services. The drawback is that each network type typically uses its own protocol stool especially in the baptistery of medium access. In fact, frequency apportioning becomes more complicated since different wireless technologies like IEEE 802.11 a and IEEE 802.15.4 may possibly operate in the same frequency band, which makes coexistence tools increasingly important. A heterogeneous MANET paradigm needs to be capable of providing subsequent characteristics.1.3.1 TransparencyThe network should be capable of providing seamless passim communication among mobile nodes i.e. the MANET user must not be informed about the route followed or network interfaces traversed by a communication session 3.1.3.2 MobilityIntegration among dissimilar communication networks must facilitate mobile nodes via some mobility management framework that can manage flow of information through different medium access techniques 4.1.3.3 AddressingMost of the IP based networks consider each communication interface as an independent network device running under its own protocol stack 5. However, this mechanism makes it difficult to remember terms by IP addresses. So, there must be some mechanism similar to domain name service to recognize mobile nodes with more logical and easy to remember names.1.3.4 ConfigurationVarious configuration options like network ID, willingness for cooperative communications, desired mobility level and intended services shall be provided to mobile users for their convenience 6.1.3.5 End to End aegisIntegration between various networks and data transfer over multiple wireless hops can even expose data to malicious nodes. Security mechanisms must take care of end-to-end data security as well as route security 7.1.3.6 Transmission Power and interference of NodesMANET routing protocols must take care of issues arising due to various communication ranges like communication gray zones 4 and issues arising because of various communication te chnologies like Bluetooth and WLAN working in same frequency band 1.1.3.7 Utilization of ResourcesIn heterogeneous networking paradigm, there may arise situations where some or most of the mobile nodes are installed with different kind of resources. For example, there may be some nodes installed with location monitoring devices like GPS. Now it is the responsibility of routing protocol to benefit from such capabilities in order to facilitate location aided routing and similar services 8.1.4 Problem Statement sure research efforts in mobile ad hoc networks are mainly converging towards inclusion of dissimilar communication technologies like IEEE 802.11 9 and IEEE 802.15.4 10 to a single mobile ad hoc network. Integrations of different networks like Wide Area Networks WANs (1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G) and Metropolitan Area Networks MANs (IEEE 802.16) wherein users can access the system through a stock-still base station (BS) or AP connected to a fit infrastructure in single hop fashion are al so extending towards multihop communication environment using the new and revolutionary paradigm of a mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), in which nodes constituting MANET serve as routers.Comprehensive research efforts have been done to address the issues related to infrastructure-less multihop communications among nodes installed with dissimilar communication capabilities 3, 11, 12, 13. However, an investigation needs to be made in order to analyze and address the issues arising from such integrations. such problems relate to both end users convenience (For example, remembering each destination with its IP address is a cumbersome job specially when every destination may carry multiple IP addresses and any communication interface may optionally be connected or disconnected) as well as networks effect for example, routing to the high hat possible interface when there are multiple interfaces installed at destination. Likewise, optimized neighborhood sensing and position based routing can help to improve heterogeneous ad hoc networks performance and scalability.1.5 ObjectivesThe objective of this thesis is to adopt the integration of different technologies like WPAN, WLAN and GSM having different capabilities and protocol stacks to mobile ad hoc networks. Performance improvement issues relating to network configuration, human understandable naming mechanism and sophisticated location aided routing mechanisms will also be discussed and evaluated on an actual ad hoc network testbed.1.6 Thesis OrganizationChapter 2 describes the different shape and technological challenges arising from integration of multiple communication interfaces. Chapter 3 includes an overview of famous heterogeneous routing protocols architectures, interworking issues encountered, the limitation and ascendant suggested. Chapter 4 specifically discusses the adopted solution. Chapter 5 presents the details about solution implementation, protocol evaluation testbed, proposed test cases for ev aluation of the proposed mechanisms and results obtained, whereas chapter 6 concludes the research work.Chapter 2 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 IntroductionThe literature available on heterogeneous MANETs has suggested different combination of access technologies but no comprehensive solution comprising of maximum access technologies has been suggested yet. Some of the suggested techniques will be discussed in come through paragraphs.2.2 Service Architecture for Heterogeneous IP NetworksIt was presented by Joe C. Chan and Doan B. 14. This proposal is presented to resolve two main issues i.e. universal connectivity and MANET location management in heterogeneous networks. The new architecture suggested for Mobile Ad-hoc Systems and Services (AMASS) introduces a new abstraction mould called Mobile P2P cut across in order to cater for the problems such as transparency, dynamic routing, unique addressing, association, and application independence. Mobile users can associate local resources from neighboring devices, build wireless on-demand systems which is independent of location, hardware devices, networking technology and infrastructure availability. Five key design considerations considered were Mobile Peer-to-Peer Overlay, Internet Interworking, Intelligent Overlay Routing, Infrastructure-free Positioning and Application Layer Mobility. Three enhanced mobility models offered in this approach are Personal Mobility (using different IP devices musical composition keeping the same address), Session Mobility (keeping the same session while changing IP devices) and Service Mobility (keeping personal services while contemptible between networks).The architecture is built on a peer-to-peer communication model to integrate MANETs seamlessly into heterogeneous IP networks. Mobile Peer-to-Peer System(P2P) is a distributed Middleware addresses the demand of direct communication needs by creating spontaneous community. Whenever the Mobile P2P system has global connectivity, it works with its peer system and other applications systems by generic P2P signaling. It constitutes of Ad-hoc Network layer and Mobile P2P Overlay. The former layer includes wireless hardware and MANET routing software offering homogeneous connectivity among nodes with same wireless interfaces. These nodes act as a router forwarding traffic toward its destination. The by and by layer includes the following core services (i) Membership Services offers single sign-on, naming, profile and identity features (ii) Discovery Services for peer/resource discovery and caching (iii) Communication Services for Internet interworking, intelligent routing, session accommodate, presence and service delivery (iv) Location Services for infrastructure-free positioning, and user mobility management functions (v) Adaptation Services for application and network services adaptation.Members of the Mobile P2P system should first sign-in a common group with their exclusive name and password. Some stati onary nodes may also join to offer its resources such as Internet connection, printer, video conferencing. Whenever these client devices are within range of each other, they would work together as a team steer to a wireless adhoc service community where local resources could be shared by individual at its will. These members will then be available by intimating their capabilities and location information to the central location server. Information regarding physical location is also essential to offer spatial locality relationships and enable mobile content customization.The results which were achieved through this process can be summarized as first, it maximizes the synergies of MANETs and P2P for building wireless on-demand systems and services. MANETs provide dynamic physical connectivity while P2P offers dynamic associations of entities (users, devices, and services) for direct resources sharing. Second, its Mobile P2P overlay unites mobility, user-centric connectivity, and ser vices for universal communications. This allow dynamic service adaptations pertinent to user location, application requirements, and network environments. Third, it presents a flexible network structure stimulating fixed and wireless networks convergence. The result is an Integrated Mobile Internet which makes our future environment lot better.2.3 Transparent Heterogeneous Mobile Ad hoc NetworksThe idea was suggested by Patrick Stuedi and Gustavo Alonso3. The story discussed that performance issues in a personal area network (PAN) or wireless sensor network (WSN) may have less priority than an government agency network. In contrast, battery life and low cost is vital to PANs and WSN while most probably it is not an issue in an office network. Consider a scenario where in a certain university campus the students carry variety of personal devices like mobile phones, PDA or laptops equipped with different communication technologies tailored to their capabilities. The mobile phones or PDA will be using Bluetooth whereas laptops have 802.11 as well as a Bluetooth interface built in technology. Ubiquitously combining all these devices into one mobile ad hoc network could invite new applications and services such as location based services or VoIP. So there may be an occasion where a personal device of one particular PAN might communicate with a personal device of another(prenominal) PAN in a multi-hop fashion with the underlying MAC scheme changing per hop.In this scenario two issues needs to be solved i.e. broadcast competition and handover. Broadcast emulation is not directly supported in Bluetooth (nor on nodes comprising both Bluetooth and 802.11). Handover is an issue because, in the case of heterogeneous MANETs, a handover might include a change in how the medium is accessed. A handover can be caused by node mobility, a change in user preferences (where due to energy constraints the user chooses to use Bluetooth instead of 802.11), or performance reasons. 1 5Any device or node supporting multi interface though having different protocol stack will be specific to the interface at lower level. This characteristic will deteriorate the ability of a device to switch from one network to the other. The objective of such network is to provide an end-to-end communication abstraction that hides heterogeneity. The different possible design differs from each other with regard to application transparency, performance and mobility. There is another issue of handover which includes route changes as well as MAC switching. In principle, there are three possible scenarios2.3.1 Horizontal HandoverThe crosswise handover between the participating nodes take place when the route changes and underlying MAC technology remains the same.2.3.2 Vertical HandoverThe route does not change but the abandoned neighbor is now reached through a new physical interface.2.3.3 Diagonal HandoverThe diagonal handover takes when the MAC technology and route between the partic ipating nodes change simultaneously.To address all these issues an IP based heterogeneous mobile ad hoc test bed using Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 that implements a virtual interface approach as the end-to-end abstraction is presented.2.4 Stream Control Transmission ProtocolAnother approach presented by R. Stewart, Q. Xie, and K. Morneault is 16 Stream Control Transmission Protocol, a transport protocol defined by the IETF providing similar services to TCP. It ensures reliable, in-sequence delivery of messages. While TCP is byte-oriented, SCTP deals with framed messages. A major involvement of SCTP is its multi-homing support. One (or both) endpoints of a connection can consist of more than one IP addresses, enabling transparent fail-over between hosts or network cards.Each interface could be separately cond and maintained (AODV-UU 17 e.g., supports multiple interfaces). This solution seems to be quite valuable in terms of performance since SCTP optimizes the transmission over multipl e links. In fact, if one particular node can be reached through several interfaces, SCTP switches transmission from one interface to another after a predefined number of missing acknowledgements. Unfortunately, the solution lacks transparency. Applications running traditional unix sockets would have to be changed to use SCTP sockets instead. Another problem arises with the connection oriented nature of Bluetooth. In Bluetooth, interfaces appear and disappear dynamically depending on whether the connection to the specific node is currently up or down. Therefore, this is something that both the ad hoc routing protocol as well as SCTP would have to cope with.2.5 Global connectivity for IPv6 Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksR. Wakikawa, J. T. Malinen, C. E. Perkins, A. Nilsson, and A. J. Tuominen, in 2003 through IETF Internet Draft, 2003 presented Global connectivity for IPv6 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, suggested one of the solutions for connecting heterogeneous MANETs. Before this work, the issue wa s solved by the traditional Internet model. But by adopting the approach presented by them the non structured MANETs were made to operate in structured environment, and inevitably limit the extent of flexibility and freedom that an evolving Mobile Internet can offer. Current mobile positioning and network mobility solutions are mainly infrastructure-driven which is contradictory to infrastructure-less MANETs. Without a flexible and user-centric network structure, existing solutions are generally insufficient to handle the dynamic and on-demand requirements of MANETs.2.6 ConclusionHeterogeneous MANET service architectures and routing protocols have been talked about and it is established that lots of enhancements need to be introduced to the heterogeneous ad hoc networks. First of all, different issues like IP addresses to hostname mapping and seamless communication need to be addressed. Secondly, ad hoc networks must seamlessly utilize all underlying interfaces. Finally, research ef forts need to converge towards real-world network deployment as very few MANET service architectures have been evaluated on actual network testbeds.Chapter 3 3 INTEGRATION CHALLENGES 3.1 IntroductionThe invention of mobile devices like laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), smart phones and other handheld gadgets having dissimilar communication interfaces smooth the progress of data transmissions without any predetermined infrastructure and centralized administration. 18. Such data transmissions can only be made on top of infrastructure-less networks composed of fully autonomous mobile nodes. But, these infrastructure-less networks do possess many complexities like dynamic and ever changing topology, heterogeneity in nodes, energy constraints, bandwidth constraints, limited security and scalability. However, there user-friendliness and rapid deployment make them an imperative part of 4th genesis (4G) architecture allowing the mobile users to communicate anytime, anywhere and wi th the help of any device.3.2 Technological ChallengesThe specialized nature of MANETs enforces many challenges for protocol design by incorporating changes in all layers of protocol stack 2. For instance, all the changes in link characteristics must be dealt with physical layer. MAC Layer should ensure fair channel access and dodge of packet collision. Calculation of best possible routes among mobile autonomous nodes must be done by the network layer. Transport layer must stipulate its flow assert mechanism to tolerate Packet loss and transmission delays arising because of wireless channel. The continuous making or breaking of connection due to nodes mobility be handled by application layer. These issues at each layer need to be handled effectively in order to smooth the transition from traditional network to march on MANETs.3.2.1 The Physical LayerIn heterogeneous MANETs there can be a node which may be able to access multiple networks simultaneously. If a node on one hand, is connected to a cellular network, and on the other hand it exists within the coverage area of an 802.11b AP, the network or the node should be able to switch between them. Moreover, in heterogeneous environment, different wireless technologies may operate in the same frequency band and it is of import that they coexist without degrading each others performance. Therefore, techniques to reduce interference between nodes are important. For example, a node communicating with other nodes via multihop path may have lesser interference than a node communicating directly with AP. This is due to the attachment of increased number of nodes to the AP. Another way of reducing interference is Power control techniques applied in code-division multiple access (CDMA)-based cellular networks and MANET 15.The research issues range from designing considerations to power control techniques include efficient design of nodes that can expeditiously switch between different technologies and ensure high data rates, development of Interference attenuation techniques between various wireless access technologies, modulation techniques and cryptology schemes that improve the performance of a given technology and frequency planning schemes for increasing the utilization of frequency spectrum3.2.2 Link LayerThe data link layer can be divided into Logical Link Control (LLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. When a node needs to communicate to another node having cellular interface, it uses a centralized MAC access like Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or CDMA with a data rate upto 2.4 Mb/s. On the other hand, when a node communicates in 802.11 environments, it uses distributed random access scheme like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) upto a data rate of 11 Mb/s. So, this difference of data rate is going to be one of the interworking considerations.Due to dissimilar access technologies at intermediate hops, the performance of ad hoc networks dete riorates. The problems such as hidden and exposed terminals also limit the capacity of MANETs. The need of evolving mechanisms such as power control and power aware MAC protocols is mandatory to improve the performance of ad hoc networks. In a heterogeneous network, the cross-layer design may play a large role in providing useful information to upper layers.Another important issue to be considered at the link/MAC level is Security. Although, end-to-end security is the responsibility in the application layer, some wireless access technologies provide a certain level of security at the lower layers. Although the link and MAC layers in a multi-interface node can operate autonomously, but their operations have to be optimized to provide definite service to the upper layers. Some of the coarse issues include design of efficient link and MAC layer protocols to support QoS in Heterogonous MANET, channel administration schemes that consider different categories of traffic, and allow call obstruct and handoff failure probabilities and security at Link / MAC layer.3.2.3 Network LayerThe network layer needs to integrate all underlying communication interfaces therefore, it is the most challenging task. The presence of nodes with multiple communication interfaces allow to have different physical and MAC layer technologies which need to be taken into account while dealing with an integrated routing process. But, the problem of MANETs such as frequent route changes due to mobility, higher communication overhead to learn and uphold valid routes, higher end-to-end delay and limited end-to-end capacity due to problems at the lower layers are main contributing factors in designing of routing process 19.In order to reduce network control traffic, improve throughput and increase the range, the idea of integrating MANETs with infrastructure networks is evolved. Hence, mechanism to find gateways and correctly con IP addresses is required by such nodes in a MANET. The network lay er has to find the best route between any source and destination pair. To define the best route, including number of hops, delay, throughput, signal strength, and so on several metrics can be used. Moreover, the network layer has to handle horizontal handoffs between the same technology and vertical handoffs between different technologies in a seamless manner. Several routing protocols have been presented for heterogeneous MANETs but the design of integrated and intelligent routing protocols is largely aerofoil for research with issues like development of routing capability in a heterogeneous environment that supports all communication possibilities between nodes forming MANET, scalability in multihop routing without significantly escalating the overhead and study of the impact of additional routing constraints (like co-channel interference, load balance, bandwidth), and requirements (services, speed, packet delay) needed by nodes and networks.3.2.4 Transport LayerIn connection ori ented transport session, as in case of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), packet loss is assumed to occur due to congestion in the network. This assumptions leads to the performance degradation of TCP and factors such as channel errors, jitter and handoffs are overlooked. Moreover, in heterogeneous environments, the transport protocol has to handle the high delays involved in vertical hands off (while switching from one interface to another), server migration, and bandwidth aggregation 16.Sometimes, a node changes its IP address when it needs

Decriminalization Of Marijuana :: legalization of hash

This nations so-called war on drugs has been a miserable failure. It hasntworked. The drug problem is getting worse. I think it is the derive one problem facingthis country today. I think that we as battalion and our politicians really need to put all ofour options into perspective, and one of the things we need to sing to the highest degree isdecriminilization. Common sense or logic would dictate that when you take this issue on, when you jaw about legalization or decriminalization, if you are going to talk about that, you aregoing to pee to talk about taking it in steps, and certainly the first step would bemarijuana. All of us derriere make a list out of friends that have used drugs. Are our friendscriminals for using drugs? Yes, they are today given the laws that we have. Should theybe criminals? Are they criminals? For the most part, no they are not. We are talking aboutfederal law, and I see this as a national issue which is an extremely tough issue withpoliticians. in that respect isnt a bigger taboo topic because if youre going to talk aboutlegalization, youre talking about making it usherily available for kids, but I read in a pollthat 95 percent of kids in high school say illegal drugs are readily available. I know this isa fact because I once was a high school student and had the unfortunate experience to seethis all around me. I dont know how it gets much readily available than that. Im notadvocating breaking the law, but personally, I dont think you should go to jail forsmoking marijuana. I think 75 percent of the state in this country would say, no, youshouldnt go to jail for smoking marijuana.700,000 Americans are in jail or prison on drug related charges. That issomething I have a problem with and think we as people and a democratic country issomething we need to deal with. I am very confused about this issue and I am deeplyconcerned and feel this is something that needs to be dealt with and handled properlyaccording to the facts. I a m talking about legalization and decriminalization, but Imdefinitely not condoning drug use. From what I know and what I see as an Americancitizen on a day to day priming it seems like there is no political support and no one is tryingto do anything about it. Were spending more and were locking more people up for druguse in todays society which is a definite cause of the overcrowded prisons in our country.

The Study of Personality and Time Perception Essay -- Psychology

There have been many studies in the past which have investigated the case of record on our mental abilities. For instance Hannon et al. (1995) conducted research into the effect of extraversion and introversion on long term and short term forthcoming memory. Results suggest extroverts came up with less errors in comparison to introverts in regards to short and long term memory. In this present study we aim to investigate the effects of extraversion and introversion on time perception. With the directional hypothesis suggesting there will be a negative correlation between extraversion and time perception, it is subsequent noted that this isnt the case, resulting in the hypothesis being rejected. It would be safe to say that further research into personality and time perception is required. Introduction The study of personality and time perception is a captivating strong point for psychology, as it proves just how important psychology is in understanding the human mind. Despite t he measureless attributions of these topics a lot of research has been carried out into these areas. The personality has had its fair share of attention in the world of Psychology world, and Hans Eysenck is definitely someone who has made contributions to what we live when understanding the personality. Eysenck came up with a possibleness for the personality, in which he used factor analysis to structure his beliefs.His theory is made of up of three subject matter personality dimensions Psychoticism, Neuroticism and Extraversion (Eysenck, 1970 Eynsenck and Eysenck, 1985, cited in Martin, Carlson, Buskist, 2009). These bipolar factors alone have their opposites. Where Psychoticism is the opposite to self control, Extraversion is the opposite to Introversion, and Neurot... ...ing, and they had to stay silent at all times. When a participant thought the time was up they would have to then raise their hand, one of the timekeepers would then come over and give them a brusque tap o n their shoulder, and note down the time it took them to raise their hand (each timekeeper was assigned to a section of the class, for monitoring purposes). If participants got to 6 minutes without facts of life their hand the experimenter would stop the study. After this the experimenter sat all the participants down and got them to look back at the questionnaires. Works CitedBurger, J. (2000) Personality (Fifth Edition) London WandsworthMartin, G. Neil, Carlson, Neil R., Buskist, W. (2010). Psychology (4th Edition). Harlow PearsonPervin, L., Cervone, D., John, O. (2005) Personality theory ans Research (Ninth Edition) Hoboken, N.J John Wiley & Sons